Some features of the site may not work correctly. Pal , A. Yet, what is intelligent and smart? This has been the focus of theories, definitions and philosophies dating as far back as Plato BC ; yet most presumably, dating prior to this historical figure, might be due to the fact that humankind is himself intelligent. One way to seek understanding of intelligence is simply to define what it is.
Sternberg purports two principal… Expand. Save to Library Save. Create Alert Alert. Share This Paper. Methods Citations. Results Citations. Citation Type. Has PDF. Publication Type. More Filters. Toward a Philosophical Definition of Intelligence. A short question, which is difficult to answer. In fact, there is no general agreement on the definition of intelligence. A good philosophical analysis starts with … Expand.
View 2 excerpts, cites background. An Outline of a Clausewitzian Theory of Intelligence. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. Terman translated the Binet-Simon scale into English and introduced it into America Goodwin, Since then, the Stanford-Binet test has been used effectively to identify children with mental retardation and learning disabilities, to help the U. To arrive at his theory of intelligence, David Perkins, senior professor of education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, conducted long-term programs of research and development in the areas of teaching and learning for understanding, creativity, problem-solving and reasoning in the arts, sciences, and everyday life Harvard College, For Perkins, IQ consisted of three major components: 1 neural intelligence the efficiency and precision of one's neurological system ; 2 experiential intelligence accumulated knowledge and expertise in different areas ; and 3 reflective intelligence strategies for attacking problems, learning, and approaching intellectually- challenging tasks OTEC, His current work involves research and development projects on teaching and learning for thinking and understanding, including liaisons with international learning with members from the corporate world, government, online education Harvard, Strengths and Weaknesses.
Hickman, personal communication, September 13, Conclusion Intelligence testing has accused of unfairly stratifying test-takers by race, gender, class and culture; of minimizing the importance of creativity, character and practical know-how, and propagating the idea that people are born with an unchangeable endowment of intellectual potential that determines their success in life Reynolds, Although many of the biases have been reduced, and new tests are available that unlike traditional intelligence tests are based on modern theories of brain function i.
Intelligent intelligence testing. APA Monitor, 34 2 , Theories of intelligence. A history of modern psychology 3rd ed. Harvard College. Sternberg provides examples of people who are quite talented in one of these areas but not so talented in the other two.
In that sense, his approach to the field of intelligence is somewhat like Howard Gardner's. However, you can see that Sternberg does not focus on specific components of intelligence that are aligned with various academic disciplines. He is far more concerned with helping people develop components of intelligence that will help them to perform well in whatever they chose to do.
Sternberg strongly believes that intelligence can be increased by study and practice. Quite a bit of his research focuses on such endeavors.
Some of Sternberg's work focuses specifically on "street smarts" versus "school smarts. This observation is consistent with the work of Lev Vygotsky Fosnot, who argues that the type of learning that goes on outside of school is distinctly different than the type of learning that goes on in school. While some students are talented in both informal and formal education, others are much more successful in one rather than the other.
A teacher who is skillful in developing PBL can help students to design projects that are consistent with their learning abilities and interests. In his book, Smart Schools, David Perkins analyzes a number of different educational theories and approaches to education. His analysis is strongly supportive of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Perkins' book contains extensive research-based evidence that education can be considerably improved by more explicit and appropriate teaching for transfer, focusing on higher-order cognitive skills, and the use of project-based learning.
Perkins examines a large number of research studies both on the measurement of IQ and of programs of study designed to increase IQ. He presents detailed arguments that IQ has three major components or dimensions. There is substantial evidence to support the belief that a child's neural intelligence can be adversely affected by the mother's use of drugs such as alcohol and cocaine during pregnancy. Lead such as from lead-based paint can do severe neural damage to a person. Vitamins, or the lack thereof, can affect neural intelligence.
Moreover, there is general agreement that neural intelligence has a "use it or lose it" characteristic. It is clear that neural intelligence can be maintained and, indeed, increased, by use.
Experiential intelligence is based on years and years of accumulating knowledge and experience in both informal and formal learning environments. Such knowledge and experience can lead to a high level of expertise in one or more fields. People who live in "rich" learning environments have a significant intelligence advantage over people who grow up in less stimulating environments.
Experiential intelligence can be increased by such environments. Reflexive intelligence can be thought of as a control system that helps to make effective use of neural intelligence and experiential intelligence. A person can learn strategies that help to make more effective use of neural intelligence and experiential intelligence.
The habits of mind included under reflexive intelligence can be learned and improved. Metacognition and other approaches to reflecting about one's cognitive processes can help. End of materials quoted from: Moursund, D. Project-based Learning Using Information Technology. The author of eighteen books and several hundred articles, Gardner is best known in educational circles for his theory of multiple intelligences, a critique of the notion that there exists but a single human intelligence that can be assessed by standard psychometric instruments.
During the past fifteen years, he and colleagues at Project Zero have been working on the design of performance-based assessments, education for understanding, and the use of multiple intelligences to achieve more personalized curriculum, instruction, and assessment.
Most recently, Gardner and his colleagues have launched the Good Work Project. Researchers are examining how individuals who wish to carry out good work succeed in doing so during a time when conditions are changing very quickly, market forces are very powerful, and our sense of time and space is being radically altered by technologies, such as the web. Gardner is the author of eighteen books which have been translated into twenty languages. He has conducted long-term programs of research and development in the areas of teaching and learning for understanding, creativity, problem-solving and reasoning in the arts, sciences, and everyday life.
He has also studied the role of educational technologies in teaching and learning, and has designed learning structures and strategies in organizations to facilitate personal and organizational understanding and intelligence.
These inquiries reflect a conception of mind that emphasizes the interlocking relationships among thinking, learning, and understanding. The three depend deeply on one another. Meaningful learning aims at understanding and depends on thinking with and about what one is learning. Effective thinking in the subject matters and in general involves understanding the resources of the mind and learning to deploy them sensitively and systematically.
The following quote from Sternberg's resume provides a good overview of his approach to the study of intelligence. The article Sternberg, Summer is particularly interesting to the field of IT and education, as it focuses on how technology including calculators and computers,m but also other forms of technology such as radio and TV has been increasing intelligence. Carvin, Andy.
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